Ernst Ruska Electron Microscope- Deutsches Museum-Munich. Retroviridae -Retroviridae is a family name for viruses thut replicate ...
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| Ernst Ruska Electron Microscope- Deutsches Museum-Munich. |
Retroviridae -Retroviridae is a family name for viruses thut replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription. Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms.
Virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently there are two main schemes used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
Viruses are classified using different ways.There are about five ways of classifying viruses namely: ICTV classification, Structure based Virus classification, Baltimore classification, Holmes classification and LHT system of virus classification.
Retroviridae is six type of viruses according to the Baltimore classification. It is a scientific family name and it's lower classifications are; Lentivirus, Gammaretrovirus and Alpharetrovirus. In Biology Retroviridae is any of the RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate e.g. HIV.
Lentivirus (lente-, Latin for "slow") is a genus of viruses of the Retroviridae family, characterized by a long incubation period. Lentiviruses can deliver a significant amount of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell and have the unique ability among retroviruses of being able to infect non-dividing cells, so they are one of the most efficient methods of a gene delivery vector. HIV, SIV, FIV, EIAV, and Visna are all examples of lentiviruses.
(HIV)The human immunodeficiency virus, Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)Equine infectious anemia Virus (EIAV). Visna Visna virus (also known as visna-maedi virus, maedi-visna virus and ovine lentivirus) from the genus lentivirinae and subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, is a "prototype" retrovirus that causes encephalitis and chronic pneumonitis in sheep. It is known as visna when found in the brain, and maedi when infecting the lungs. Lifelong, persistent infections in sheep occur in the lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, joints, central nervous system, and mammary glands
Hand in hand with the discovery of the first Electron magnetic microscope ( a microscope that uses electron beam to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image.) the knowledge on microorganisms was improved. The first electromagnetic lens was developed in 1926 by Hans Busch.
According to Dennis Gabor, the physicist Leó Szilárd tried in 1928 to convince Busch to build an electron th centurymicroscope, for which he had filed a patent.
The German physicist Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll constructed the prototype electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. Two years later, in 1933, Ruska built an electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Moreover, Reinhold Rudenberg, the scientific director of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, obtained the patent for the electron microscope in May 1931.
In 1932, Ernst Lubcke of Siemens & Halske built and obtained images from a prototype electron microscope, applying concepts described in the Rudenberg patent applications. Five years later (1937), the firm financed the work of Ernst Ruska and Bodo von Borries, and employed Helmut Ruska (Ernst’s brother) to develop applications for the microscope, especially with biological specimens. Also in 1937, Manfred von Ardenne pioneered the scanning electron microscope.The first practical electron microscope was constructed in 1938, at the University of Toronto, by Eli Franklin Burtonand students Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus; and Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939. Although contemporary electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification, as scientific instruments, they remain based upon Ruska’s prototype.
What leaves me mouth open is why our to days medical scientists, biologists, physicists, chemists and virologists have been fighting HIV/AIDS up to now in vain. Fight with this scourge has taken the world more than five decades despite the availability of advanced tools, knowledge and other facilities.
The former scientists though were not advanced as we are today did remarkable wonders that we see up to now. They managed to eradicate small pox, plague, polio and many others though small pox took them some centuries to control. Their achievement settled a notorious condition of their time.
Why it takes our experts long time to come up with solutions to our challenges and problems existing to our societies and into ourselves despite of the advanced science and technology we have.
However, the achievements reached up to this juncture worth a praise but still we should urge our experts to add more efforts to calm down this situation for it has destroyed people's peace of.mind. It is my hope that there is no economical conspiracy or other secret set backs behind this long time of finding a cure and preventive vaccine to this disease.
Many have been written and said concerning this Disease.We need every nation to be involved in the going on struggle of looking for a preventive vaccine and cure to this pandemic.. This task should not be left on the hands of developed world alone rather it should involve the entire world. Nevertheless, more effort should come from the developing world because they are more venerable than their counter fellow developed countries..
Science should be given first priority than superstitious means.We have witnessed in some area in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America people bathing in swamps, lakes and rivers and drinking local herbs as a way to fight with diseases.
Let the world work in unison to combat this disease which takes lives of many people worldwide.
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